India grapples with a substantial plastic waste challenge. In 2021, according to government data, the country generated nearly 26,000 tonnes of plastic waste daily, amounting to approximately 4.1 million tonnes over the year. However, other estimates state that the actual figures are more than double, with an estimate from a recent Nature paper, stating that India generated 9.3 million tonnes of plastic waste in 2023. A significant portion of that waste, approximately 75%, consists of three primary polymers: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), with the remainder coming from other polymers such as polystyrene (PS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The key opportunities for plastic circularity in India are emerging around enabling higher-quality recycled outputs, packaging solutions and circularity in traditionally hard-to-recycle segments, such as flexible and multilayer plastics. These cascade into specific opportunity areas across the value chain, which are summarized in this report 

This guide focuses on the management and handling of municipal solid waste (MSW) from its initial collection to how it is processed and dealt with at landfills and dumpsites. It also covers some solid wastes with lower-value recycling potential or volumes, e.g., biomedical waste, paper waste, and base metals from non-electronic waste sources, such as aluminium and copper. Managing the close to 60 million tonnes of MSW that India generates annually is a daunting challenge. 90% of that waste is apparently collected but lower levels of processing – around 50% – show a significant amount is either not processed or remains unaccounted for, highlighting inefficiencies in waste management systems. Projections indicate a staggering increase in MSW generation, nearly tripling to 165 million tonnes by 2031. There are significant opportunities to improve waste processing and resource recovery in India’s MSW sector through decentralization, automation, and logistical improvements.

India is a significant player in the global e-waste landscape, contributing approximately 4.1 million tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022, which accounts for approximately 7% of the world's total e-waste output. In 2021, one-third of India's e-waste was managed through formal and informal channels, with 80 to 90% of e-waste management operations handled by the informal sector. By 2030, India's e-waste output is expected to escalate significantly, reaching approximately 9 million tonnes (based on our estimates), which would represent about 11% of the global e-waste forecast for that year (82 million tonnes). India’s e-waste and LiB recycling sector offers multiple avenues to create value through innovative business models. The key opportunities range across advanced metal and rare earth extraction, integrated recycling, interim recycling for high-demand metals, second-life electronics and batteries. These cascade into specific opportunity areas across the value chain, which are summarized in this report.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are at the heart of our economies and societies and play a crucial role in achieving global climate goals. They represent over 90% of businesses and 50% of greenhouse gas emissions globally.

Our research shows a growing paradox: while more SMEs recognize the importance of climate action, the barriers to taking effective action are also increasing. This widening gap demands urgent attention.

The challenge: the need to take climate action is intensifying, with more SMEs reporting that they have been directly impacted by climate change. 70% report experiencing direct effects on their business in the past year. These impacts include supply chain disruptions (39%), damage to assets or property (25%), and loss of productivity (24%).

East Africa is emerging as a vibrant hub for climate innovation, with a growing number of innovators and stakeholders developing solutions to address the region’s pressing climate challenges. The region's unique combination of urgent climate needs, a burgeoning tech ecosystem, and an increasing focus on sustainability has attracted significant attention from investors looking to support the advancement of climate action.

Within the East Africa climate ecosystem, stakeholder networks and relationships are crucial for ensuring the successful implementation of climate action policy and innovative solutions. Effective collaboration across the diverse stakeholders shaping the East Africa climate ecosystem, is key to fostering a more integrated and impactful approach for tackling climate challenges. Several factors influence how these stakeholders interact and collaborate within the climate ecosystem. These include the availability of funding, policy frameworks, technological infrastructure, and the strength of local entrepreneurial support systems.

This study examines the dynamics of climate innovation in East Africa, with a focus on the interactions, relationships and networks among key climate stakeholders. Qualitative and quantitative data collection was used to identify the enablers, barriers, and support needs critical to fostering a mature and integrated climate innovation ecosystem in the region. The insights provided in this report are aimed at informing stakeholders on the varying factors shaping interactions among key players in the ecosystem. Greater awareness of these dynamics can help reduce fragmentation in adaptation and mitigation efforts, while also enhancing the scalability of climate solutions to drive increased impact and inclusivity in East Africa’s climate ecosystem.

The paper offers guidance for those considering funding or designing interventions targeting women climate entrepreneurs and WSME-responsive climate initiatives by addressing the following questions: Why is it important to focus on women climate entrepreneurs? Where are areas of opportunity for women climate entrepreneurs and implementing partner support—including sectors that are emerging as critical to a low-carbon economy? What actions, initiatives, and efforts are happening now? Who are the key players? Where are the challenges? Ramping up an integrated focus on WSMEs and climate is critical, given that gender equality is considered a primary objective in less than 1 percent of climateoriented official development assistance (ODA) provided by governments for economic development in emerging markets and fragile economies.

First, the paper highlights the need for a gender-differentiated approach to climate action in general. It then discusses the importance of prioritizing the needs of women climate entrepreneurs, with insights on green and blue sectors. The next section details the state of play: organizations that are supporting gender-responsive climate action and those focused on the nexus of women’s entrepreneurship and climate along with a report on the status of financing for such initiatives. It concludes with recommended courses of action for development organizations, impact investors and other partners to take as they consider new projects and initiatives.

Kenya's waste management and circularity sector offers significant opportunities for investors, driven by economic growth, increasing waste generation, growing regulations and innovations. This introductory guide is the first in a series that also includes investment guides that deep dive into each of the highest opportunity sub-sectors in Kenya’s waste and circularity sector: plastic waste, wastewater, organic waste and integrated waste management. These guides provide further information on trends, opportunities, policies and challenges, as well as further details on the main identified business models and their financing needs and case studies of successful businesses.